.privacy-control[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv]{width:min(520px,100% - 32px);max-height:calc(100dvh - 32px);padding:var(--space-6);color:var(--text);background:var(--panel);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card);box-shadow:var(--shadow);margin:auto;overflow:auto}.privacy-control[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv]::backdrop{background:#00000040}.privacy-control[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv] h2[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv]{margin-top:0}.privacy-control[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv] p[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv] a[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv]{color:var(--accent-strong);text-decoration:underline}.privacy-actions[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv]{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:12px;display:flex}@media (width<=480px){.privacy-actions[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv] button[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv]{flex:100%}}@media print{.privacy-control[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv]::backdrop,.privacy-control[data-astro-cid-muz5ngsv]{display:none}}:root{color-scheme:light dark;--bg:#f6f7f8;--panel:#fff;--panel-2:#f0f2f4;--text:#17191d;--muted:#666d78;--border:#d9dde3;--control-border:#78818e;--accent:#2563eb;--accent-strong:#1d4ed8;--accent-soft:#eaf1ff;--on-accent:#fff;--danger:#b42318;--danger-soft:#fff1f0;--shadow:0 12px 40px #141e2814;--radius:18px;--radius-card:16px;--radius-control:10px;--space-1:4px;--space-2:8px;--space-3:12px;--space-4:16px;--space-5:18px;--space-6:22px;--space-7:28px;--space-8:36px;--font-small:.8125rem;--font-meta:.75rem;--font-body:1rem;--font-lead:1.0625rem;--max:1180px;--article-max:72ch;--header-height:68px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root{--bg:#0e1115;--panel:#15191f;--panel-2:#1b2027;--text:#f2f5f7;--muted:#a8b0ba;--border:#2b333d;--control-border:#78818e;--accent:#6ea8ff;--accent-strong:#9ec5ff;--accent-soft:#162540;--on-accent:#0e1115;--danger:#ff8f86;--danger-soft:#341c1c;--shadow:0 14px 42px #00000047}}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-padding-top:calc(var(--header-height) + 20px)}body{background:var(--bg);color:var(--text);margin:0;font:16px/1.5 ui-sans-serif,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,sans-serif}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}a:hover{color:var(--accent-strong)}button,input,select{font:inherit}button,summary,a{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}button,summary{cursor:pointer}button:disabled,input:disabled,select:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;opacity:1}button:disabled{color:var(--muted)}:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--accent-strong);outline-offset:4px}:target,:focus{scroll-margin-top:calc(var(--header-height) + 20px)}[hidden]{display:none!important}main:focus{outline:none}.wrap{width:min(calc(100% - 32px), var(--max));margin-inline:auto}.sr-only{clip-path:inset(50%);white-space:nowrap;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;overflow:hidden}.skip-link{z-index:100;background:var(--panel);border:2px solid var(--accent);border-radius:8px;padding:12px;position:fixed;top:8px;left:8px;transform:translateY(-150%)}.skip-link:focus{transform:none}h1,h2,h3{letter-spacing:-.03em;line-height:1.15}h1{letter-spacing:-.045em;margin:0 0 12px;font-size:clamp(34px,4vw,48px);line-height:1.04}h2{margin:0 0 14px;font-size:28px}h3{margin:0 0 8px;font-size:18px}p{margin:0 0 16px}svg{flex-shrink:0;display:block}.site-header{z-index:20;background:var(--bg);border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);position:sticky;top:0}.nav-bar{min-height:var(--header-height);justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;display:flex}.brand{flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;gap:10px;min-height:44px;display:inline-flex}.brand picture,.brand img{display:block}.brand img{object-fit:contain;width:100%;height:100%}.brand-mark{width:44px;height:44px}.brand-wordmark{width:168px;height:59px}.desktop-nav{color:var(--muted);align-items:center;gap:22px;font-size:14px;display:flex}.desktop-nav>a,summary{align-items:center;min-height:44px;display:flex}summary{gap:8px;font-weight:650;list-style:none}summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}summary:after{content:"+";font-size:18px}details[open]>summary:after{content:"−"}.calculator-menu>summary:after,.calculator-menu[open]>summary:after{content:none}.calculator-menu>summary{gap:var(--space-1)}.calculator-menu .nav-chevron{transform:rotate(0)}.calculator-menu[open] .nav-chevron{transform:rotate(180deg)}.calculator-menu>.menu-panel{width:200px;min-width:0;padding:var(--space-1);box-shadow:0 4px 12px #00000014}.calculator-menu>.menu-panel a{min-height:40px;padding:var(--space-2) var(--space-3)}.calculator-menu,.mobile-nav{position:relative}.menu-panel{border:1px solid var(--border);background:var(--panel);min-width:240px;box-shadow:var(--shadow);border-radius:12px;padding:8px;position:absolute;top:calc(100% + 4px);right:0}.menu-panel a{border-radius:6px;align-items:center;min-height:44px;padding:8px 12px;font-size:14px;display:flex}.menu-panel a:hover{background:var(--accent-soft)}.mobile-nav{display:none}.site-footer{border-top:1px solid var(--border);margin-top:36px;padding:36px 0 48px}.footer-grid{justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-start;gap:28px;display:flex}.footer-grid>div{max-width:560px}.tiny{color:var(--muted);margin:8px 0 0;font-size:12px}.footer-links{color:var(--muted);flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0 16px;max-width:430px;font-size:13px;display:flex}.footer-links a{align-items:center;min-height:44px;display:inline-flex}.breadcrumb{color:var(--muted);padding-top:24px;font-size:13px}.breadcrumb ol{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:4px 10px;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;display:flex}.breadcrumb li{align-items:center;gap:10px;display:flex}.breadcrumb li+li:before{content:"/"}.breadcrumb a{text-underline-offset:3px;align-items:center;min-height:32px;text-decoration:underline;display:inline-flex}.page-head{padding:18px 0 22px}.lead{color:var(--muted);max-width:760px;margin:0;font-size:17px}.eyebrow{color:var(--accent-strong);background:var(--accent-soft);border:1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--accent) 24%, var(--border));border-radius:99px;padding:6px 10px;font-size:12px;font-weight:750;display:inline-flex}.hero{text-align:center;padding:42px 0 20px}.hero h1{max-width:820px;margin:0 auto 12px;font-size:clamp(34px,4.2vw,50px)}.hero .lead{max-width:720px;margin:0 auto}.section{padding:28px 0}.home-calculators{padding-top:18px}.section-head{justify-content:space-between;align-items:end;gap:22px;margin-bottom:20px;display:flex}.section-head h2{margin:0}.section-head p{max-width:580px;color:var(--muted);margin:0;font-size:14px}.tool-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:14px;display:grid}.home-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr))}.card,.tool-card{background:var(--panel);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card)}.tool-card{flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;min-width:0;min-height:204px;padding:18px;transition:border-color .18s,box-shadow .18s;display:flex}.tool-card:hover{border-color:var(--accent);box-shadow:var(--shadow);color:var(--text)}.icon{background:var(--panel-2);width:40px;height:40px;color:var(--text);border-radius:11px;place-items:center;display:grid}.tool-card h2,.tool-card h3{margin:16px 0 6px;font-size:17px}.tool-card p{color:var(--muted);margin:0;font-size:14px}.tool-meta{color:var(--muted);justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;margin-top:18px;font-size:12px;display:flex}.more-tools{color:var(--muted);flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:0 18px;padding-top:12px;font-size:14px;display:flex}.more-tools a{min-height:44px;color:var(--accent-strong);align-items:center;font-weight:650;display:inline-flex}.category-grid,.principles{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:16px;display:grid}.category-card{padding:var(--space-4);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card);display:block}.category-card:hover{border-color:var(--accent);background:var(--panel);color:var(--text)}.category-card .text-link{min-height:0}.category-card p{color:var(--muted);font-size:14px}.text-link{color:var(--accent-strong);align-items:center;min-height:44px;font-size:14px;font-weight:750;display:inline-flex}.principles{margin:var(--space-7) 0 var(--space-3);gap:var(--space-7);padding:0;list-style:none}.principles li+li{border-left:1px solid var(--border);padding-left:var(--space-7)}.principles svg{color:var(--accent-strong);margin-bottom:var(--space-3)}.principles h3{font-size:var(--font-body)}.principles p{color:var(--muted);max-width:48ch;margin:0;font-size:14px}.notice{background:var(--accent-soft);color:var(--accent-strong);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:12px;padding:12px 16px;font-size:14px}.toolbar{flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;align-items:end;gap:12px;margin:16px 0;display:flex}.search-field{flex:300px;max-width:520px;font-size:13px;font-weight:650}.search-field>span:first-child{margin-bottom:6px;display:block}.search-box{background:var(--panel);border:1px solid var(--control-border);border-radius:12px;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:0 12px;display:flex}.search-box input{width:100%;min-width:0;height:46px;color:var(--text);background:0 0;border:0}.search-box:focus-within{outline:3px solid var(--accent-strong);outline-offset:3px}.search-box input:focus-visible{outline:none}.filter-row{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;display:flex}.chip{border:1px solid var(--control-border);background:var(--panel);min-height:44px;color:var(--muted);border-radius:99px;padding:8px 12px;font-size:12px;font-weight:750}.chip[aria-pressed=true],.chip.active{background:var(--accent-soft);color:var(--accent-strong)}.area-discovery{grid-template-columns:1.2fr .8fr;gap:16px;margin:22px 0 28px;display:grid}.area-entry{flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;padding:22px;display:flex}.area-entry h2{margin:18px 0 8px;font-size:26px}.area-entry p{color:var(--muted)}.quick-list,.side-list{align-content:start;gap:10px;display:grid}.related{border:1px solid var(--border);background:var(--panel);border-radius:13px;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:14px;min-height:64px;padding:14px;display:flex}.related strong{font-size:14px}.related small{color:var(--muted);margin-top:2px;font-size:12px;display:block}.method-box{justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:18px;padding:18px;display:flex}.method-box p{color:var(--muted);margin:4px 0 0;font-size:14px}.helper{color:var(--muted);margin:16px 0 18px;font-size:14px}.calculator-shell,.content-grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.2fr) minmax(320px,.8fr);align-items:start;gap:18px;display:grid}.calc-card,.result-card{min-width:0;padding:22px}.calc-top{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:12px;padding-bottom:18px;display:flex}.calc-top h2,.result-card h2{margin:0;font-size:20px}.unit-toggle{border:1px solid var(--control-border);border-radius:var(--radius-control);background:var(--panel-2);flex-shrink:0;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));display:grid}.unit-toggle button{border-radius:calc(var(--radius-control) - 1px);padding:var(--space-2) var(--space-3);min-width:64px;min-height:44px;color:var(--muted);font-size:var(--font-small);background:0 0;border:1px solid #0000;font-weight:750}.unit-toggle button:enabled:hover{background:var(--panel);color:var(--accent-strong)}.unit-toggle [aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--accent-soft);border-color:var(--accent-strong);color:var(--accent-strong)}.unit-toggle button:focus-visible{z-index:1;position:relative}.unit-toggle button:disabled{border-style:dashed}.demo-fieldset{border:0;min-width:0;margin:0;padding:0}.mode-tabs{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-bottom:18px;display:flex}.form-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:16px;display:grid}.measurement{border:0;min-width:0;margin:0;padding:0}.measurement legend{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:13px;font-weight:750}.compound{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:8px;display:grid}.input-cell{min-width:0}.input-cell label{color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:5px;font-size:12px;display:block}.input-wrap{background:var(--panel);border:1px solid var(--control-border);border-radius:10px;min-height:46px;display:flex;overflow:hidden}.input-wrap:has(input:disabled,input[readonly]){background:var(--panel-2);border-style:dashed}.input-wrap input:disabled,.input-wrap input[readonly]{color:var(--muted)}.input-wrap input[readonly]{cursor:default}.input-wrap input{width:100%;min-width:0;color:var(--text);background:0 0;border:0;padding:0 10px}.unit{background:var(--panel-2);border-left:1px solid var(--border);color:var(--muted);align-items:center;padding:0 10px;font-size:12px;display:flex}.hint{color:var(--muted);margin-top:6px;font-size:12px;display:block}.purpose{margin-block:var(--space-4)}.purpose label{margin-bottom:6px;font-size:13px;font-weight:750;display:block}select{background:var(--panel);color:var(--text);border:1px solid var(--control-border);min-height:46px;padding:var(--space-2) var(--space-3);border-radius:10px;width:100%}.select-wrap{min-width:0;display:block;position:relative}.select-wrap select{appearance:none;padding-right:var(--space-8)}.select-wrap:after{content:"";right:var(--space-4);width:var(--space-2);height:var(--space-2);pointer-events:none;border-bottom:2px solid;border-right:2px solid;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-75%)rotate(45deg)}select:disabled{background:var(--panel-2);color:var(--muted);border-style:dashed}.select-wrap:has(select:disabled):after{color:var(--muted)}.row-actions{justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;margin-top:20px;display:flex}.btn{border:1px solid var(--control-border);background:var(--panel);min-height:46px;color:var(--text);border-radius:10px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding:10px 15px;font-size:14px;font-weight:750;display:inline-flex}.btn-primary,.btn-primary:disabled{background:var(--accent);border-color:var(--accent);color:var(--on-accent)}.result-empty{text-align:center;padding:28px 0 18px}.result-icon{background:var(--accent-soft);color:var(--accent-strong);border-radius:16px;place-items:center;width:56px;height:56px;margin:0 auto 14px;display:grid}.result-empty strong{margin-bottom:6px;font-size:17px;display:block}.result-empty p{color:var(--muted);max-width:300px;margin:0 auto;font-size:14px}.assumptions{border-top:1px solid var(--border);margin-top:20px;padding-top:18px}.assumptions h3{font-size:13px}.assumptions ul{color:var(--muted);margin:0;padding-left:18px;font-size:13px}.content-section{padding:36px 0}.prose{max-width:var(--article-max);min-width:0;line-height:1.65}.prose h2{margin-top:28px;font-size:26px}.prose h2:first-child{margin-top:0}.prose p{color:var(--muted)}.prose table{max-width:100%;display:block;overflow-x:auto}.prose .table-align-left{text-align:left}.prose .table-align-center{text-align:center}.prose .table-align-right{text-align:right}.category-prose{text-align:left;max-width:68ch}.category-prose p{color:var(--text);margin-bottom:var(--space-6)}.category-prose h3{margin:var(--space-7) 0 var(--space-3);font-size:20px}.prose a:not(.btn){color:var(--accent-strong);text-underline-offset:3px;text-decoration:underline}.formula,.callout{background:var(--panel);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;margin:18px 0;padding:16px}.formula strong,.callout strong{margin-bottom:6px;display:block}.formula code{color:var(--accent-strong);overflow-wrap:anywhere;font-size:14px}.article-head{max-width:820px;padding:18px 0 24px}.article-head h1{margin-top:12px;font-size:clamp(34px,5vw,54px)}.meta{color:var(--muted);flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;margin-top:14px;font-size:12px;display:flex}.article-layout{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,760px) minmax(280px,1fr);align-items:start;gap:32px;display:grid}.article-layout .prose h2{margin-top:34px;font-size:28px}.sidebar{gap:14px;display:grid}.side-card{padding:16px}.side-card h2{font-size:16px}.toc{gap:0;display:grid}.toc a{min-height:44px;color:var(--muted);align-items:center;font-size:13px;display:flex}.calc-cta{background:var(--accent-soft);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:16px;margin:28px 0;padding:18px}.calc-cta h3{margin:6px 0;font-size:21px}.calc-cta .label{color:var(--accent-strong);font-size:12px;font-weight:800}.support{max-width:760px;padding-bottom:36px}.error-page{max-width:760px;padding:64px 0}.error-page h1{margin-top:16px}@media (width>=901px) and (height>=800px){.sidebar{position:sticky;top:88px}}@media (width<=900px){.tool-grid,.home-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.category-grid,.principles,.calculator-shell,.content-grid,.article-layout,.area-discovery{grid-template-columns:1fr}.principles li+li{border-left:0;padding-left:0}.sidebar{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.footer-grid{flex-direction:column}}@media (width<=640px){.brand-wordmark{width:144px;height:51px}:root{--header-height:60px}.desktop-nav{display:none}.mobile-nav{display:block}.hero{padding:30px 0 14px}.hero h1{font-size:36px}h1{font-size:34px}.lead{font-size:16px}.breadcrumb{padding-top:14px;font-size:12px}.page-head{padding:14px 0 16px}.tool-grid,.home-grid,.form-grid,.sidebar{grid-template-columns:1fr}.section-head{flex-direction:column;align-items:start;gap:10px}.section-head h2{font-size:26px}.calc-card,.result-card{padding:16px}.calc-top{flex-wrap:wrap;padding-bottom:14px}.calc-top h2{font-size:18px}.calculator-shell{gap:12px}.row-actions{flex-direction:column-reverse;align-items:stretch}.method-box{flex-direction:column;align-items:start}.search-field{flex-basis:100%;max-width:none}.article-head h1{font-size:34px}.article-layout{gap:20px}.article-layout .prose h2{font-size:24px}.btn{max-width:100%}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*,:before,:after{scroll-behavior:auto!important;transition:none!important;animation:none!important}}@media (forced-colors:active){.card,.tool-card,.chip,.input-wrap,.btn{border:1px solid canvastext}.chip[aria-pressed=true]{outline:2px solid highlight}.unit-toggle [aria-pressed=true]{outline-offset:-3px;border-color:highlight;outline:2px solid highlight}.select-wrap select{appearance:auto}.select-wrap:after{display:none}}.more-tools .btn-primary{color:var(--on-accent)}.input-wrap:focus-within{outline:3px solid var(--accent-strong);outline-offset:3px}.input-wrap:has([aria-invalid=true]){border-color:var(--danger)}.field-error{gap:var(--space-1);color:var(--danger);font-size:var(--font-meta);margin-top:var(--space-2);font-weight:650;display:grid}.metric-unit,.market-preset{margin-top:var(--space-3)}.metric-unit label,.market-preset label{font-size:var(--font-meta);margin-bottom:var(--space-1);display:block}.input-loading{margin-bottom:var(--space-3)}@media screen{.method-box>.text-link{flex-shrink:0}.tool-meta{justify-content:flex-start;gap:0}.cta-arrow{flex-shrink:0;margin-inline-start:var(--space-2);display:inline-block}}@media print{:root{color-scheme:light;--bg:#fff;--panel:#fff;--panel-2:#fff;--text:#000;--muted:#333;--border:#aaa;--accent-strong:#000}.site-header,.site-footer,.skip-link,.toolbar,.sidebar,.row-actions,.unit-toggle,.mode-tabs{display:none}button,nav,.side-list,.copy-actions,.transfer-action,.calculator-controls,.calc-top,.calc-card .helper,.calc-card .hint,.calc-card .notice,.breadcrumb,.scope-note,.engine-version,.option-group,.monetization-hook{display:none!important}.calc-card,.result-card>:not(.print-only){display:none}.result-card .print-only{overflow-wrap:anywhere;color:#000;background:#fff;font:12pt/1.5 system-ui,sans-serif;display:block}.print-only h2{margin:0 0 6pt;font-size:18pt}.print-only p{orphans:2;widows:2;margin:0 0 6pt}.print-only .print-url{margin-bottom:14pt;font-size:10pt}.print-only .print-project{margin-bottom:14pt}.print-only .print-primary{break-inside:avoid;border-block:1pt solid #aaa;margin-bottom:14pt;padding-block:12pt;font-size:24pt;font-weight:750;line-height:1.2}.print-only .print-breakdown{font-size:11pt}.result-card{border:0}.content-section{display:none}.card{break-inside:auto}body{color:#000;background:#fff}.wrap{width:100%}.calculator-shell,.content-grid,.article-layout{display:block}.result-card{margin-top:16px;position:static}.card,.tool-card{box-shadow:none;break-inside:avoid}a{text-decoration:underline}.result-card{break-inside:auto}.calculator-page .page-head,.calculator-page .content-section,.calculator-page [data-recommendations],.calculator-page>.helper{display:none!important}.print-only .print-footer{break-inside:avoid;margin-top:14pt;font-size:10pt}}